Annotate article with highlight. there is steps to highlight which is to show the problem, purpose,object of study, and relevance which is what do the authors suggest is the significance of their work to the field? also main findings which is where does this source list some of the main findings or conclusions from the project? and connection to other source which is where do concepts and thoughts from this text connect to other sources that you have read? just highlight and brief comments in each part

Annotate article with highlight. there is steps to highlight which is to show the problem, purpose,object of study, and relevance which is what do the authors suggest is the significance of their work to the field? also main findings which is where does this source list some of the main findings or conclusions from the project? and connection to other source which is where do concepts and thoughts from this text connect to other sources that you have read? just highlight and brief comments in each part

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-1- Department of Engineering ELE3DDE: Electronic Design Automation – 2015 Assignment: Traffic Light Controller: Design, Synthesis and Test DUE: Code Submission and Demonstration, Wednesday, September 9 Report, 2pm Monday, September 14 Students will work on this assignment individually – developing their own design and producing their own independent report Task: A traffic signal controller is required for an intersection of two cross roads in a busy town centre that also has considerable pedestrian traffic. All four approaches to the intersection have standard traffic lights (Red, Amber and Green) and a traffic sensor (active low), which can detect the presence of approaching traffic. Assume that when a car passes over a sensor, it produces a low signal for approximately three (3) seconds. Thus a constant stream of traffic would produce a continuous low signal (i.e. assume that debouncing for these sensors has already been performed in the sensor circuitry). The intersection also has pedestrian crossing signals (Walk, Don’t Walk (flashing), and Don’t Walk (constantly illuminated), and pedestrian call buttons (simple push button switches) at each of the four crossing points. As a digital design engineer, you have been asked to produce an FPGA prototype for the Traffic Light Controller and assigned the following tasks (i) Produce a VHDL design for the Traffic Light Controller meeting the specifications outlined below. (ii) Produce a test bench for your VHDL design and via simulation confirm that your design functions correctly. (iii) Produce a space efficient, fully tested working prototype, suitable for demonstration to the client. (i.e. implement your design in the ALTERA, Cyclone II FPGA on the ALTERA DE2 board). (iv) Produce a report of your work, including a discussion on the efficiency of your design. (v) All code generated for you design must be included in your report. If you have pages and pages of VHDL code (particularly if you generated them with HDL Designer), these should be included in your report as an appendix. Prototype. The design will be implemented using the ALTERA, Cyclone II (EP2C35F672C6) device on the ALTERA DE2 board. See Appendix or DE2 Board Manual for device I/O pins. The four traffic lights will be represented via the 7-segment displays HEX7 – HEX4, with segment ‘a’ representing a red light, segment ‘g’ representing a yellow light and segment ‘d’ representing a green light. With the traffic sensors in the road represented by four slide switches (SW17, SW15, SW13 & SW11). The emergency Amber flash switch should be connected to slide switch SW3. -2- The pedestrian call buttons will be represented by the push buttons, KEY0, KEY1, KEY2 and KEY3. With 7-segment displays HEX3 – HEX0 used to represent the pedestrian signals for the crossing of the intersection, in the following manner: Walk (segment ‘d’ on), Don’t Walk – flashing (segment ‘a’ flashing), and Don’t Walk (segment ‘a’ on continuously). For timing the development board has a 50MHz clock. Shown above is a diagram of a seven-segment display indicating how segments ‘a’, ‘g’ and ‘d’ are used to represent the red, yellow and green lights, of a traffic light, respectively on HEX7 – HEX4. While below shows seven-segment display indicating how segments ‘a’ and ‘d’ are used to indicate Don’t Walk and Walk respectively on HEX3 – HEX0. Design Specifications – Basic Design. The road traffic lights are to operate using the sequence RedGreenAmberRed according to the timing and requirements outlined below. Whenever the lights for one road are Green or Amber the crossroad must always display a red signal. All traffic lights must display a red signal for two seconds between changeovers. In their inactive state all pedestrian signals will display “Don’t Walk – continuous” (segment ‘a’ continuously on), independent of the changes in the traffic signals. The pedestrian signal can be activated following a pedestrian call being registered (by an appropriate push button(s) being pressed) and will operate in the sequence “Walk”  “Don’t Walk – flash”  “Don’t Walk – continuous” with the timing and requirements outlined below. As this intersection carries considerable pedestrian traffic the town planners have decided that the traffic sequence will contain a dedicated pedestrian crossing only period, where pedestrians may walk between any two points of the intersection (including through the middle of the intersection). Rather than embedding the pedestrian crossing sequences in with the road traffic sequence – as you are probably more familiar with. Thus whenever any traffic flow enabling signal is active (i.e. Green or Amber on) the pedestrian signals will be inactive (i.e. “Don’t Walk – continuous”) and vice versa, whenever the pedestrian signals are active (“Walk” or “Don’t Walk – flash”) all road traffic lights remain red. a d e f g c b a d e f g c b -3- Traffic Light sequence and timing When all automotive sensors are inactive the default sequence is: Green Road 1 14 sec Amber Road 1 4 sec Red Roads 1/2 2 sec Green Road 2 14 sec Amber Road 2 4 sec Red Roads 1/2 2 sec For both Roads 1 & 2, if any traffic is detected after the road has been showing green for 9 seconds, then the Green time will be extended by a further 10 seconds (i.e. making the Green time 24 seconds for that road, on that sequence. The amber and red/red times remain at 4 and 2 seconds respectively – for all sequences. Thus if both Road 1 and Road 2 have heavy traffic (i.e. traffic still detected after 9 seconds of green signal) then the sequence will be: Green Road 1 24 sec Amber Road 1 4 sec Red Roads 1/2 2 sec Green Road 2 24 sec Amber Road 2 4 sec Red Roads 1/2 2 sec Also, should Road 1 have heavy traffic and Road 2 have only light or no traffic (i.e. no traffic detected after 9 seconds of green signal) then the sequence will be: Green Road 1 24 sec Amber Road 1 4 sec Red Roads 1/2 2 sec Green Road 2 14 sec Amber Road 2 4 sec Red Roads 1/2 2 sec And alternatively, should Road 2 have heavy traffic and Road 1 have only light or no traffic (i.e. no traffic detected after 9 seconds of green signal) then the sequence will be: Green Road 1 14 sec Amber Road 1 4 sec Red Roads 1/2 2 sec Green Road 2 24 sec Amber Road 2 4 sec Red Roads 1/2 2 sec When a pedestrian crossing sequence is required this is always inserted after the Road 2 sequence, following the 2 seconds of red in both directions. Pushing a pedestrian crossing button (outside of the “Walk” period) will register a “pedestrian call” and a pedestrian crossing sequence will be inserted as soon as the next Road 2 sequence is complete. Should a pedestrian call be registered at only one site, then the pedestrian crossing sequence will be: -4- : Red Roads 1/2 2 sec “Walk” (‘d’ on) 18 sec (still Red Roads 1/2) “Don’t Walk Flashing” (‘a’ flashing) 6 sec (still Red Roads 1/2) “Don’t Walk” (‘a’ on) 2 sec (still Red Roads 1/2) Green Road 1 : : Alternatively, should a pedestrian call be registered at more than one site, then the “Walk” portion of the pedestrian crossing sequence will be extended by a further 8 seconds, thus: : Red Roads 1/2 2 sec “Walk” (‘d’ on) 26 sec (still Red Roads 1/2) “Don’t Walk Flashing” (‘a’ flashing) 6 sec (still Red Roads 1/2) “Don’t Walk” (‘a’ on) 2 sec (still Red Roads 1/2) Green Road 1 : : All pedestrian calls will be cleared as soon as the “Walk” (‘d’ on) signal is activated, and will not register again until the “Walk” (‘d’ on) signal is no longer active. Any pedestrian calls (i.e. a pedestrian button push) made during the “Don’t Walk Flashing” signal will be registered as a call towards the next sequence and have no effect on the current length of the “Don’t Walk Flashing” signal. As an example, if the automotive traffic is “heavy” in both directions, and there is also a heavy demand on the pedestrian crossing, then the total sequence would be: : Green Road 1 24 sec Amber Road 1 4 sec Red Roads 1/2 2 sec Green Road 2 24 sec Amber Road 2 4 sec Red Roads 1/2 2 sec “Walk” (‘d’ on) 26 sec (still Red Roads 1/2) “Don’t Walk Flashing” (‘a’ flashing) 6 sec (still Red Roads 1/2) “Don’t Walk” (‘a’ on) 2 sec (still Red Roads 1/2) Green Road 1 24 sec : The traffic controller system must respond to road sensor changes within one second. (Hint – The core of your design may include a state machine that is clocked at 1Hz). Although, you may need a faster clock to register the pedestrian call buttons. Incorporate an emergency Amber flash switch in your design (SW3). When activated the system should move to the ‘Red both directions’ state as soon as possible (i.e. it must go through four seconds of amber if currently green or amber, or through six seconds of “Don’t Walk Flashing” should a pedestrian sequence be active. Then after two seconds of ‘Red both directions’ plus “Don’t Walk” (‘a’ on) it should flash amber at 1Hz in both directions. In this state all pedestrian -5- signals will remain continuously showing “Don’t Walk” and no pedestrian call buttons will be registered. The design must also include an reset (active low), which will immediately place the lights on both roads in the Red state, plus all pedestrian signals showing “Don’t Walk” continuously, hold for two seconds, and then move to normal operations. You should use SW0 for the reset. For the purposes of testing and demonstrating this assignment, you should include a state clock speed modification option (i.e. x4); under “test switch” control (SW2). This will enable an option of viewing (and testing) the sequence changes more quickly. Finally, so that each design is unique, arrange for a selectable option (using SW1) where your student number is displayed on the 7-segment displays. Clearly when the student number is being displayed the traffic light status cannot be shown, although normal operations should continue in the background. That is, SW1 controls a multiplexer that selects between traffic light and student number data to be displayed. There is no need to include this section in your report, as it is not part of the Traffic Light Controller design. However, it is required for the demonstration. Design Specifications – Enhanced Design. Add additional features to enhance your design. 1. Implement the “Walk”/”Don’t Walk” on the LCD display. 2. Display a count of the current ‘seconds’ for a particular state in the sequence. i.e. count up the seconds in “green-red”, then “amber-red”, then “red-red”, then “red-green” etc. 3. Implement Green right turn arrows on the cross roads. Use the four slide switches (SW16, SW14, SW12 & SW10) for the right turn sensors. If a North or East direction road has an right turn sensors that is active prior to the intended green cycle of that road then an additional 6 seconds inserted into the sequence showing “Green Arrow” and “Green” in one direction with “Red” in the opposite direction (i.e. South or West). After the 6 seconds have elapsed the “Green Arrow” is switched off while the “Green” remains on with “Red” still showing in the opposite direction. After a further four seconds the “Red” in opposite direction changes to “green” and the sequence continues normally. Alternatively, the right turn arrow for South or East direction roads is inserted at the end of the green sequence, as follows. If a South or West has an active right turn sensor then at the end of the common “Green” time for that road then an additional ten seconds is added to the sequence to accommodate the “Green Arrow”. This consists of four seconds of “Amber” in the corresponding opposite direction, with “Green” still showing in the South or East direction, followed by “Red” in the opposite direction, and “Green Arrow” with “Green” still on for a further 6 seconds. The cycle then moves to “Amber” in the South or East direction with the “Green Arrow” off and “Red” showing in the opposite direction for four seconds. After that is the “All Red” state for two seconds and then the start of a new sequence. For the purposes of the demonstration HEX7 & HEX6 are North & South respectively, while HEX5 & HEX4 are East & West respectively. As an example the following is a heavy traffic sequence with right turns. Red All Roads 2 sec Green and Green Arrow On North Road (South Red) 6 sec Green North Road with Green Arrow off (South Red) 4 sec Green North & South Roads 24 sec -6- Amber North Road with Green South Road 4 sec Red North Road with Green South Road 2 sec Green and Green Arrow On South Road (North Red) 6 sec Amber with Green Arrow off South Road (North Red) 4 sec Red All Roads 2 sec Green and Green Arrow On East Road (West Red) 6 sec Green East Road with Green Arrow off (West Red) 4 sec Green East & West Roads 24 sec Amber East Road with Green West Road 4 sec Red East Road with Green West Road 2 sec Green and Green Arrow On West Road (East Red) 6 sec Amber with Green Arrow off West Road (East Red) 4 sec Red All Roads 2 sec Shown above is a diagram of a seven-segment display indicating how segment ‘c’ is used to indicate a green right turn arrow in a traffic light, in conjunction with ‘a’, ‘g’ and ‘d’ representing the red, yellow and green lights. Notes/Hints: (i) A pedestrian signal sequence will only occur if a pedestrian call button has been pressed (and hence registered); otherwise it will remain in the continuous “Don’t Walk” state. (ii) The decision to extend a traffic signal sequence from 14 to 24 seconds should be made between the 10 and 14 second mark (inclusive). i.e. read the traffic sensors between these times. (iii) It is recommended that you practice implementing some of the basic functions on the DE2 Board first and build on this before implementing the entire design. At the end of the day, a partially implemented prototype that works will be easier to demonstrate than an entire design that does not work at all. (iv) There are many different ways of describing timing circuits in VHDL, not all are synthesisable. (v) At this stage it may be safer to stick with the standard ieee libraries, while it is possible to set up your own libraries – great care needs to be exercised. a d e f g c b -7- (vi) If you use a package – keep it in your work library, download it to the same folder as your design files (for the Quartus II compiler) and compile it (using the Quartus II compiler) before compiling your vending machine design. (vii) MOST IMPORTANT – the Quartus II compiler does NOT like integers of different ranges being assigned to each other – even though this may compile and simulate correctly in ModelSim. For your assignment report YOU ARE REQUIRED TO SUBMIT THE FOLLOWING: (a) Block diagrams of your design, showing the hierarchy of the design and signals at each level. You can use HDL Designer or another drawing package if you wish. To assist the explanation of your design (e) it may be appropriate to embed these in the written text. (b) Printout(s) of your Traffic Light Controller design (inc. VHDL code). Key parts of the design graphics/code should be included in the main body of the report, along with the explanation of the design. With the complete design code included as an appendix. Reset Amber Flash Road 1 Lights Pedestrian Signals Pedestrian Call Buttons Display Student No. Traffic Sensors Test Road 2 Lights -8- (c) Printout(s) of your test bench (stimulus) file(s). Where key to the understanding of the testing methodology and simulation results these should included in the main body of the report. Otherwise, a complete set of testbench code must be included as an appendix. (d) Test data (i.e. annotated printouts of simulation results and summary of on board testing); <<PLEASE keep your simulation printouts to the point, to minimize page usage. E.g. ~3-4 pages with several simulations on each page is good, but 6+ pages of simulations is likely to be a waste of space and effort. You must provide annotated simulations of your main blocks and top level design performing key functions. It is accepted that you will not be able to demonstrate absolutely every possible case on paper - choose the most important ones, and use your demonstration for the rest. For example, if your design is working correctly it will be obvious that your 7 segment display driver is also working correctly. This will be seen in the simulation of higher level blocks as well as the demonstration, and therefore doesn’t require a separate simulation printout>> (e) A concise (two – three pages writing) explanation of your design and your testing methodologies (i.e. how your circuit works, and why your test results demonstrate that it is functioning correctly), also include comments on any particular innovative ideas you have implemented in your design; (f) Include a summary of the FPGA resource usage of your completed design. Briefly comment on the general efficiency of your design, remember that, typically the smaller the design the lower the cost (as it may fit in a smaller/cheaper device), and the lower the power consumption. Are there any areas where you think the design could save some resources by being implemented differently? You are not required to make changes to the VHDL just brief comment(s). (Half page plus resource usage summary). Submission (by 2pm Monday, September 14):  Your complete report (including code) must be converted to an OCR compatible (i.e. searchable) PDF file and submitted to the Design Assignment drop box on the LMS site for this subject. No paper copies are required.  When you submit your assignment it will be checked automatically by the Turnitin software for similarity with past and present work, web sites, books etc. Any report with a high Turnitin similarity index will be scrutinised for potential plagiarism.  It is highly recommended that you submit a draft copy of your assignment report, to the draft Turnitin drop box (on LMS) and check the generated Turnitin report before finalising your submission. If you submit plagiarised work (that is work copied from others – including code) it will most likely be identified and your assignment deemed unsatisfactory! YOU WILL BE REQUIRED TO SUBMIT YOUR DESIGN CODE AND DEMONSTRATE YOUR DESIGN IN PRACTICAL CLASS SESSION IN THE WEEK PRIOR TO THE REPORT DUE DATE (i.e. September 9). Jim Whittington August 2015 -9- APPENDIX – Altera DE2 Board, Switch, LED, 7-Segment Display and Clock pins The following information is taken from the Altera DE2 Board Manual Signal Name FPGA Pin Description SW0 PIN_N25 Slide Switch[0] SW1 PIN_N26 Slide Switch[1] SW2 PIN_P25 Slide Switch[2] SW3 PIN_AE14 Slide Switch[3] SW4 PIN_AF14 Slide Switch[4] SW5 PIN_AD13 Slide Switch[5] SW6 PIN_AC13 Slide Switch[6] SW7 PIN_C13 Slide Switch[7] SW8 PIN_B13 Slide Switch[8] SW9 PIN_A13 Slide Switch[9] SW10 PIN_N1 Slide Switch[10] SW11 PIN_P1 Slide Switch[11] SW12 PIN_P2 Slide Switch[12] SW13 PIN_T7 Slide Switch[13] SW14 PIN_U3 Slide Switch[14] SW15 PIN_U4 Slide Switch[15] SW16 PIN_V1 Slide Switch[16] SW17 PIN_V2 Slide Switch[17] Table-1 Altera DE2 Board Slide Switch Pin Assignments Signal Name FPGA Pin Description KEY0 PIN_G26 Pushbutton[0] KEY1 PIN_N23 Pushbutton [1] KEY2 PIN_P23 Pushbutton [2] KEY3 PIN_W26 Pushbutton [3] Table-2 Altera DE2 Board Push Button Pin Assignments Signal Name FPGA Pin Description LEDR0 PIN_AE23 Red LED[0] LEDR1 PIN_AF23 Red LED[1] LEDR2 PIN_AB21 Red LED[2] LEDR3 PIN_AC22 Red LED[3] LEDR4 PIN_AD22 Red LED[4] LEDR5 PIN_AD23 Red LED[5] LEDR6 PIN_AD21 Red LED[6] LEDR7 PIN_AC21 Red LED[7] LEDR8 PIN_AA14 Red LED[8] LEDR9 PIN_Y13 Red LED[9] LEDR10 PIN_AA13 Red LED[10] LEDR11 PIN_AC14 Red LED[11] LEDR12 PIN_AD15 Red LED[12] -10- LEDR13 PIN_AE15 Red LED[13] LEDR14 PIN_AF13 Red LED[14] LEDR15 PIN_AE13 Red LED[15] LEDR16 PIN_AE12 Red LED[16] LEDR17 PIN_AD12 Red LED[17] LEDG0 PIN_AE22 Green LED[0] LEDG1 PIN_AF22 Green LED[1] LEDG2 PIN_W19 Green LED[2] LEDG3 PIN_V18 Green LED[3] LEDG4 PIN_U18 Green LED[4] LEDG5 PIN_U17 Green LED[5] LEDG6 PIN_AA20 Green LED[6] LEDG7 PIN_Y18 Green LED[7] LEDG8 PIN_Y12 Green LED[8] Table-3 Altera DE2 LED Pin Assignments Signal Name FPGA Pin Description HEX0[0] PIN_AF10 HEX0 Segment a HEX0[1] PIN_AB12 HEX0 Segment b HEX0[2] PIN_AC12 HEX0 Segment c HEX0[3] PIN_AD11 HEX0 Segment d HEX0[4] PIN_AE11 HEX0 Segment e HEX0[5] PIN_V14 HEX0 Segment f HEX0[6] PIN_V13 HEX0 Segment g HEX1 [0] PIN_V20 HEX1 Segment a HEX1 [1] PIN_V21 HEX1 Segment b HEX1 [2] PIN_W21 HEX1 Segment c HEX1 [3] PIN_Y22 HEX1 Segment d HEX1 [4] PIN_AA24 HEX1 Segment e HEX1 [5] PIN_AA23 HEX1 Segment f HEX1 [6] PIN_AB24 HEX1 Segment g HEX2 [0] PIN_AB23 HEX2 Segment a HEX2 [1] PIN_V22 HEX2 Segment b HEX2 [2] PIN_AC25 HEX2 Segment c HEX2 [3] PIN_AC26 HEX2 Segment d HEX2 [4] PIN_AB26 HEX2 Segment e HEX2 [5] PIN_AB25 HEX2 Segment f HEX2 [6] PIN_Y24 HEX2 Segment g HEX3 [0] PIN_Y23 HEX3 Segment a HEX3 [1] PIN_AA25 HEX3 Segment b HEX3 [2] PIN_AA26 HEX3 Segment c HEX3 [3] PIN_Y26 HEX3 Segment d HEX3 [4] PIN_Y25 HEX3 Segment e HEX3 [5] PIN_U22 HEX3 Segment f -11- HEX3 [6] PIN_W24 HEX3 Segment g HEX4 [0] PIN_U9 HEX4 Segment a HEX4 [1] PIN_U1 HEX4 Segment b HEX4 [2] PIN_U2 HEX4 Segment c HEX4 [3] PIN_T4 HEX4 Segment d HEX4 [4] PIN_R7 HEX4 Segment e HEX4 [5] PIN_R6 HEX4 Segment f HEX4 [6] PIN_T3 HEX4 Segment g HEX5 [0] PIN_T2 HEX5 Segment a HEX5 [1] PIN_P6 HEX5 Segment b HEX5 [2] PIN_P7 HEX5 Segment c HEX5 [3] PIN_T9 HEX5 Segment d HEX5 [4] PIN_R5 HEX5 Segment e HEX5 [5] PIN_R4 HEX5 Segment f HEX5 [6] PIN_R3 HEX5 Segment g HEX6 [0] PIN_R2 HEX6 Segment a HEX6 [1] PIN_P4 HEX6 Segment b HEX6 [2] PIN_P3 HEX6 Segment c HEX6 [3] PIN_M2 HEX6 Segment d HEX6 [4] PIN_M3 HEX6 Segment e HEX6 [5] PIN_M5 HEX6 Segment f HEX6 [6] PIN_M4 HEX6 Segment g HEX7 [0] PIN_L3 HEX7 Segment a HEX7 [1] PIN_L2 HEX7 Segment b HEX7 [2] PIN_L9 HEX7 Segment c HEX7 [3] PIN_L6 HEX7 Segment d HEX7 [4] PIN_L7 HEX7 Segment e HEX7 [5] PIN_P9 HEX7 Segment f HEX7 [6] PIN_N9 HEX7 Segment g Table-4 Altera DE2 Board 7-Segment Display Pin Assignments Signal Name FPGA Pin Description CLOCK_27 PIN_D13 27 MHz Clock CLOCK_50 PIN_N2 50 MHz Clock EXT_CLOCK PIN_P26 External Clock Input (SMA) Table-5 Altera DE2 Board Clock Pin Assignments

-1- Department of Engineering ELE3DDE: Electronic Design Automation – 2015 Assignment: Traffic Light Controller: Design, Synthesis and Test DUE: Code Submission and Demonstration, Wednesday, September 9 Report, 2pm Monday, September 14 Students will work on this assignment individually – developing their own design and producing their own independent report Task: A traffic signal controller is required for an intersection of two cross roads in a busy town centre that also has considerable pedestrian traffic. All four approaches to the intersection have standard traffic lights (Red, Amber and Green) and a traffic sensor (active low), which can detect the presence of approaching traffic. Assume that when a car passes over a sensor, it produces a low signal for approximately three (3) seconds. Thus a constant stream of traffic would produce a continuous low signal (i.e. assume that debouncing for these sensors has already been performed in the sensor circuitry). The intersection also has pedestrian crossing signals (Walk, Don’t Walk (flashing), and Don’t Walk (constantly illuminated), and pedestrian call buttons (simple push button switches) at each of the four crossing points. As a digital design engineer, you have been asked to produce an FPGA prototype for the Traffic Light Controller and assigned the following tasks (i) Produce a VHDL design for the Traffic Light Controller meeting the specifications outlined below. (ii) Produce a test bench for your VHDL design and via simulation confirm that your design functions correctly. (iii) Produce a space efficient, fully tested working prototype, suitable for demonstration to the client. (i.e. implement your design in the ALTERA, Cyclone II FPGA on the ALTERA DE2 board). (iv) Produce a report of your work, including a discussion on the efficiency of your design. (v) All code generated for you design must be included in your report. If you have pages and pages of VHDL code (particularly if you generated them with HDL Designer), these should be included in your report as an appendix. Prototype. The design will be implemented using the ALTERA, Cyclone II (EP2C35F672C6) device on the ALTERA DE2 board. See Appendix or DE2 Board Manual for device I/O pins. The four traffic lights will be represented via the 7-segment displays HEX7 – HEX4, with segment ‘a’ representing a red light, segment ‘g’ representing a yellow light and segment ‘d’ representing a green light. With the traffic sensors in the road represented by four slide switches (SW17, SW15, SW13 & SW11). The emergency Amber flash switch should be connected to slide switch SW3. -2- The pedestrian call buttons will be represented by the push buttons, KEY0, KEY1, KEY2 and KEY3. With 7-segment displays HEX3 – HEX0 used to represent the pedestrian signals for the crossing of the intersection, in the following manner: Walk (segment ‘d’ on), Don’t Walk – flashing (segment ‘a’ flashing), and Don’t Walk (segment ‘a’ on continuously). For timing the development board has a 50MHz clock. Shown above is a diagram of a seven-segment display indicating how segments ‘a’, ‘g’ and ‘d’ are used to represent the red, yellow and green lights, of a traffic light, respectively on HEX7 – HEX4. While below shows seven-segment display indicating how segments ‘a’ and ‘d’ are used to indicate Don’t Walk and Walk respectively on HEX3 – HEX0. Design Specifications – Basic Design. The road traffic lights are to operate using the sequence RedGreenAmberRed according to the timing and requirements outlined below. Whenever the lights for one road are Green or Amber the crossroad must always display a red signal. All traffic lights must display a red signal for two seconds between changeovers. In their inactive state all pedestrian signals will display “Don’t Walk – continuous” (segment ‘a’ continuously on), independent of the changes in the traffic signals. The pedestrian signal can be activated following a pedestrian call being registered (by an appropriate push button(s) being pressed) and will operate in the sequence “Walk”  “Don’t Walk – flash”  “Don’t Walk – continuous” with the timing and requirements outlined below. As this intersection carries considerable pedestrian traffic the town planners have decided that the traffic sequence will contain a dedicated pedestrian crossing only period, where pedestrians may walk between any two points of the intersection (including through the middle of the intersection). Rather than embedding the pedestrian crossing sequences in with the road traffic sequence – as you are probably more familiar with. Thus whenever any traffic flow enabling signal is active (i.e. Green or Amber on) the pedestrian signals will be inactive (i.e. “Don’t Walk – continuous”) and vice versa, whenever the pedestrian signals are active (“Walk” or “Don’t Walk – flash”) all road traffic lights remain red. a d e f g c b a d e f g c b -3- Traffic Light sequence and timing When all automotive sensors are inactive the default sequence is: Green Road 1 14 sec Amber Road 1 4 sec Red Roads 1/2 2 sec Green Road 2 14 sec Amber Road 2 4 sec Red Roads 1/2 2 sec For both Roads 1 & 2, if any traffic is detected after the road has been showing green for 9 seconds, then the Green time will be extended by a further 10 seconds (i.e. making the Green time 24 seconds for that road, on that sequence. The amber and red/red times remain at 4 and 2 seconds respectively – for all sequences. Thus if both Road 1 and Road 2 have heavy traffic (i.e. traffic still detected after 9 seconds of green signal) then the sequence will be: Green Road 1 24 sec Amber Road 1 4 sec Red Roads 1/2 2 sec Green Road 2 24 sec Amber Road 2 4 sec Red Roads 1/2 2 sec Also, should Road 1 have heavy traffic and Road 2 have only light or no traffic (i.e. no traffic detected after 9 seconds of green signal) then the sequence will be: Green Road 1 24 sec Amber Road 1 4 sec Red Roads 1/2 2 sec Green Road 2 14 sec Amber Road 2 4 sec Red Roads 1/2 2 sec And alternatively, should Road 2 have heavy traffic and Road 1 have only light or no traffic (i.e. no traffic detected after 9 seconds of green signal) then the sequence will be: Green Road 1 14 sec Amber Road 1 4 sec Red Roads 1/2 2 sec Green Road 2 24 sec Amber Road 2 4 sec Red Roads 1/2 2 sec When a pedestrian crossing sequence is required this is always inserted after the Road 2 sequence, following the 2 seconds of red in both directions. Pushing a pedestrian crossing button (outside of the “Walk” period) will register a “pedestrian call” and a pedestrian crossing sequence will be inserted as soon as the next Road 2 sequence is complete. Should a pedestrian call be registered at only one site, then the pedestrian crossing sequence will be: -4- : Red Roads 1/2 2 sec “Walk” (‘d’ on) 18 sec (still Red Roads 1/2) “Don’t Walk Flashing” (‘a’ flashing) 6 sec (still Red Roads 1/2) “Don’t Walk” (‘a’ on) 2 sec (still Red Roads 1/2) Green Road 1 : : Alternatively, should a pedestrian call be registered at more than one site, then the “Walk” portion of the pedestrian crossing sequence will be extended by a further 8 seconds, thus: : Red Roads 1/2 2 sec “Walk” (‘d’ on) 26 sec (still Red Roads 1/2) “Don’t Walk Flashing” (‘a’ flashing) 6 sec (still Red Roads 1/2) “Don’t Walk” (‘a’ on) 2 sec (still Red Roads 1/2) Green Road 1 : : All pedestrian calls will be cleared as soon as the “Walk” (‘d’ on) signal is activated, and will not register again until the “Walk” (‘d’ on) signal is no longer active. Any pedestrian calls (i.e. a pedestrian button push) made during the “Don’t Walk Flashing” signal will be registered as a call towards the next sequence and have no effect on the current length of the “Don’t Walk Flashing” signal. As an example, if the automotive traffic is “heavy” in both directions, and there is also a heavy demand on the pedestrian crossing, then the total sequence would be: : Green Road 1 24 sec Amber Road 1 4 sec Red Roads 1/2 2 sec Green Road 2 24 sec Amber Road 2 4 sec Red Roads 1/2 2 sec “Walk” (‘d’ on) 26 sec (still Red Roads 1/2) “Don’t Walk Flashing” (‘a’ flashing) 6 sec (still Red Roads 1/2) “Don’t Walk” (‘a’ on) 2 sec (still Red Roads 1/2) Green Road 1 24 sec : The traffic controller system must respond to road sensor changes within one second. (Hint – The core of your design may include a state machine that is clocked at 1Hz). Although, you may need a faster clock to register the pedestrian call buttons. Incorporate an emergency Amber flash switch in your design (SW3). When activated the system should move to the ‘Red both directions’ state as soon as possible (i.e. it must go through four seconds of amber if currently green or amber, or through six seconds of “Don’t Walk Flashing” should a pedestrian sequence be active. Then after two seconds of ‘Red both directions’ plus “Don’t Walk” (‘a’ on) it should flash amber at 1Hz in both directions. In this state all pedestrian -5- signals will remain continuously showing “Don’t Walk” and no pedestrian call buttons will be registered. The design must also include an reset (active low), which will immediately place the lights on both roads in the Red state, plus all pedestrian signals showing “Don’t Walk” continuously, hold for two seconds, and then move to normal operations. You should use SW0 for the reset. For the purposes of testing and demonstrating this assignment, you should include a state clock speed modification option (i.e. x4); under “test switch” control (SW2). This will enable an option of viewing (and testing) the sequence changes more quickly. Finally, so that each design is unique, arrange for a selectable option (using SW1) where your student number is displayed on the 7-segment displays. Clearly when the student number is being displayed the traffic light status cannot be shown, although normal operations should continue in the background. That is, SW1 controls a multiplexer that selects between traffic light and student number data to be displayed. There is no need to include this section in your report, as it is not part of the Traffic Light Controller design. However, it is required for the demonstration. Design Specifications – Enhanced Design. Add additional features to enhance your design. 1. Implement the “Walk”/”Don’t Walk” on the LCD display. 2. Display a count of the current ‘seconds’ for a particular state in the sequence. i.e. count up the seconds in “green-red”, then “amber-red”, then “red-red”, then “red-green” etc. 3. Implement Green right turn arrows on the cross roads. Use the four slide switches (SW16, SW14, SW12 & SW10) for the right turn sensors. If a North or East direction road has an right turn sensors that is active prior to the intended green cycle of that road then an additional 6 seconds inserted into the sequence showing “Green Arrow” and “Green” in one direction with “Red” in the opposite direction (i.e. South or West). After the 6 seconds have elapsed the “Green Arrow” is switched off while the “Green” remains on with “Red” still showing in the opposite direction. After a further four seconds the “Red” in opposite direction changes to “green” and the sequence continues normally. Alternatively, the right turn arrow for South or East direction roads is inserted at the end of the green sequence, as follows. If a South or West has an active right turn sensor then at the end of the common “Green” time for that road then an additional ten seconds is added to the sequence to accommodate the “Green Arrow”. This consists of four seconds of “Amber” in the corresponding opposite direction, with “Green” still showing in the South or East direction, followed by “Red” in the opposite direction, and “Green Arrow” with “Green” still on for a further 6 seconds. The cycle then moves to “Amber” in the South or East direction with the “Green Arrow” off and “Red” showing in the opposite direction for four seconds. After that is the “All Red” state for two seconds and then the start of a new sequence. For the purposes of the demonstration HEX7 & HEX6 are North & South respectively, while HEX5 & HEX4 are East & West respectively. As an example the following is a heavy traffic sequence with right turns. Red All Roads 2 sec Green and Green Arrow On North Road (South Red) 6 sec Green North Road with Green Arrow off (South Red) 4 sec Green North & South Roads 24 sec -6- Amber North Road with Green South Road 4 sec Red North Road with Green South Road 2 sec Green and Green Arrow On South Road (North Red) 6 sec Amber with Green Arrow off South Road (North Red) 4 sec Red All Roads 2 sec Green and Green Arrow On East Road (West Red) 6 sec Green East Road with Green Arrow off (West Red) 4 sec Green East & West Roads 24 sec Amber East Road with Green West Road 4 sec Red East Road with Green West Road 2 sec Green and Green Arrow On West Road (East Red) 6 sec Amber with Green Arrow off West Road (East Red) 4 sec Red All Roads 2 sec Shown above is a diagram of a seven-segment display indicating how segment ‘c’ is used to indicate a green right turn arrow in a traffic light, in conjunction with ‘a’, ‘g’ and ‘d’ representing the red, yellow and green lights. Notes/Hints: (i) A pedestrian signal sequence will only occur if a pedestrian call button has been pressed (and hence registered); otherwise it will remain in the continuous “Don’t Walk” state. (ii) The decision to extend a traffic signal sequence from 14 to 24 seconds should be made between the 10 and 14 second mark (inclusive). i.e. read the traffic sensors between these times. (iii) It is recommended that you practice implementing some of the basic functions on the DE2 Board first and build on this before implementing the entire design. At the end of the day, a partially implemented prototype that works will be easier to demonstrate than an entire design that does not work at all. (iv) There are many different ways of describing timing circuits in VHDL, not all are synthesisable. (v) At this stage it may be safer to stick with the standard ieee libraries, while it is possible to set up your own libraries – great care needs to be exercised. a d e f g c b -7- (vi) If you use a package – keep it in your work library, download it to the same folder as your design files (for the Quartus II compiler) and compile it (using the Quartus II compiler) before compiling your vending machine design. (vii) MOST IMPORTANT – the Quartus II compiler does NOT like integers of different ranges being assigned to each other – even though this may compile and simulate correctly in ModelSim. For your assignment report YOU ARE REQUIRED TO SUBMIT THE FOLLOWING: (a) Block diagrams of your design, showing the hierarchy of the design and signals at each level. You can use HDL Designer or another drawing package if you wish. To assist the explanation of your design (e) it may be appropriate to embed these in the written text. (b) Printout(s) of your Traffic Light Controller design (inc. VHDL code). Key parts of the design graphics/code should be included in the main body of the report, along with the explanation of the design. With the complete design code included as an appendix. Reset Amber Flash Road 1 Lights Pedestrian Signals Pedestrian Call Buttons Display Student No. Traffic Sensors Test Road 2 Lights -8- (c) Printout(s) of your test bench (stimulus) file(s). Where key to the understanding of the testing methodology and simulation results these should included in the main body of the report. Otherwise, a complete set of testbench code must be included as an appendix. (d) Test data (i.e. annotated printouts of simulation results and summary of on board testing); <> (e) A concise (two – three pages writing) explanation of your design and your testing methodologies (i.e. how your circuit works, and why your test results demonstrate that it is functioning correctly), also include comments on any particular innovative ideas you have implemented in your design; (f) Include a summary of the FPGA resource usage of your completed design. Briefly comment on the general efficiency of your design, remember that, typically the smaller the design the lower the cost (as it may fit in a smaller/cheaper device), and the lower the power consumption. Are there any areas where you think the design could save some resources by being implemented differently? You are not required to make changes to the VHDL just brief comment(s). (Half page plus resource usage summary). Submission (by 2pm Monday, September 14):  Your complete report (including code) must be converted to an OCR compatible (i.e. searchable) PDF file and submitted to the Design Assignment drop box on the LMS site for this subject. No paper copies are required.  When you submit your assignment it will be checked automatically by the Turnitin software for similarity with past and present work, web sites, books etc. Any report with a high Turnitin similarity index will be scrutinised for potential plagiarism.  It is highly recommended that you submit a draft copy of your assignment report, to the draft Turnitin drop box (on LMS) and check the generated Turnitin report before finalising your submission. If you submit plagiarised work (that is work copied from others – including code) it will most likely be identified and your assignment deemed unsatisfactory! YOU WILL BE REQUIRED TO SUBMIT YOUR DESIGN CODE AND DEMONSTRATE YOUR DESIGN IN PRACTICAL CLASS SESSION IN THE WEEK PRIOR TO THE REPORT DUE DATE (i.e. September 9). Jim Whittington August 2015 -9- APPENDIX – Altera DE2 Board, Switch, LED, 7-Segment Display and Clock pins The following information is taken from the Altera DE2 Board Manual Signal Name FPGA Pin Description SW0 PIN_N25 Slide Switch[0] SW1 PIN_N26 Slide Switch[1] SW2 PIN_P25 Slide Switch[2] SW3 PIN_AE14 Slide Switch[3] SW4 PIN_AF14 Slide Switch[4] SW5 PIN_AD13 Slide Switch[5] SW6 PIN_AC13 Slide Switch[6] SW7 PIN_C13 Slide Switch[7] SW8 PIN_B13 Slide Switch[8] SW9 PIN_A13 Slide Switch[9] SW10 PIN_N1 Slide Switch[10] SW11 PIN_P1 Slide Switch[11] SW12 PIN_P2 Slide Switch[12] SW13 PIN_T7 Slide Switch[13] SW14 PIN_U3 Slide Switch[14] SW15 PIN_U4 Slide Switch[15] SW16 PIN_V1 Slide Switch[16] SW17 PIN_V2 Slide Switch[17] Table-1 Altera DE2 Board Slide Switch Pin Assignments Signal Name FPGA Pin Description KEY0 PIN_G26 Pushbutton[0] KEY1 PIN_N23 Pushbutton [1] KEY2 PIN_P23 Pushbutton [2] KEY3 PIN_W26 Pushbutton [3] Table-2 Altera DE2 Board Push Button Pin Assignments Signal Name FPGA Pin Description LEDR0 PIN_AE23 Red LED[0] LEDR1 PIN_AF23 Red LED[1] LEDR2 PIN_AB21 Red LED[2] LEDR3 PIN_AC22 Red LED[3] LEDR4 PIN_AD22 Red LED[4] LEDR5 PIN_AD23 Red LED[5] LEDR6 PIN_AD21 Red LED[6] LEDR7 PIN_AC21 Red LED[7] LEDR8 PIN_AA14 Red LED[8] LEDR9 PIN_Y13 Red LED[9] LEDR10 PIN_AA13 Red LED[10] LEDR11 PIN_AC14 Red LED[11] LEDR12 PIN_AD15 Red LED[12] -10- LEDR13 PIN_AE15 Red LED[13] LEDR14 PIN_AF13 Red LED[14] LEDR15 PIN_AE13 Red LED[15] LEDR16 PIN_AE12 Red LED[16] LEDR17 PIN_AD12 Red LED[17] LEDG0 PIN_AE22 Green LED[0] LEDG1 PIN_AF22 Green LED[1] LEDG2 PIN_W19 Green LED[2] LEDG3 PIN_V18 Green LED[3] LEDG4 PIN_U18 Green LED[4] LEDG5 PIN_U17 Green LED[5] LEDG6 PIN_AA20 Green LED[6] LEDG7 PIN_Y18 Green LED[7] LEDG8 PIN_Y12 Green LED[8] Table-3 Altera DE2 LED Pin Assignments Signal Name FPGA Pin Description HEX0[0] PIN_AF10 HEX0 Segment a HEX0[1] PIN_AB12 HEX0 Segment b HEX0[2] PIN_AC12 HEX0 Segment c HEX0[3] PIN_AD11 HEX0 Segment d HEX0[4] PIN_AE11 HEX0 Segment e HEX0[5] PIN_V14 HEX0 Segment f HEX0[6] PIN_V13 HEX0 Segment g HEX1 [0] PIN_V20 HEX1 Segment a HEX1 [1] PIN_V21 HEX1 Segment b HEX1 [2] PIN_W21 HEX1 Segment c HEX1 [3] PIN_Y22 HEX1 Segment d HEX1 [4] PIN_AA24 HEX1 Segment e HEX1 [5] PIN_AA23 HEX1 Segment f HEX1 [6] PIN_AB24 HEX1 Segment g HEX2 [0] PIN_AB23 HEX2 Segment a HEX2 [1] PIN_V22 HEX2 Segment b HEX2 [2] PIN_AC25 HEX2 Segment c HEX2 [3] PIN_AC26 HEX2 Segment d HEX2 [4] PIN_AB26 HEX2 Segment e HEX2 [5] PIN_AB25 HEX2 Segment f HEX2 [6] PIN_Y24 HEX2 Segment g HEX3 [0] PIN_Y23 HEX3 Segment a HEX3 [1] PIN_AA25 HEX3 Segment b HEX3 [2] PIN_AA26 HEX3 Segment c HEX3 [3] PIN_Y26 HEX3 Segment d HEX3 [4] PIN_Y25 HEX3 Segment e HEX3 [5] PIN_U22 HEX3 Segment f -11- HEX3 [6] PIN_W24 HEX3 Segment g HEX4 [0] PIN_U9 HEX4 Segment a HEX4 [1] PIN_U1 HEX4 Segment b HEX4 [2] PIN_U2 HEX4 Segment c HEX4 [3] PIN_T4 HEX4 Segment d HEX4 [4] PIN_R7 HEX4 Segment e HEX4 [5] PIN_R6 HEX4 Segment f HEX4 [6] PIN_T3 HEX4 Segment g HEX5 [0] PIN_T2 HEX5 Segment a HEX5 [1] PIN_P6 HEX5 Segment b HEX5 [2] PIN_P7 HEX5 Segment c HEX5 [3] PIN_T9 HEX5 Segment d HEX5 [4] PIN_R5 HEX5 Segment e HEX5 [5] PIN_R4 HEX5 Segment f HEX5 [6] PIN_R3 HEX5 Segment g HEX6 [0] PIN_R2 HEX6 Segment a HEX6 [1] PIN_P4 HEX6 Segment b HEX6 [2] PIN_P3 HEX6 Segment c HEX6 [3] PIN_M2 HEX6 Segment d HEX6 [4] PIN_M3 HEX6 Segment e HEX6 [5] PIN_M5 HEX6 Segment f HEX6 [6] PIN_M4 HEX6 Segment g HEX7 [0] PIN_L3 HEX7 Segment a HEX7 [1] PIN_L2 HEX7 Segment b HEX7 [2] PIN_L9 HEX7 Segment c HEX7 [3] PIN_L6 HEX7 Segment d HEX7 [4] PIN_L7 HEX7 Segment e HEX7 [5] PIN_P9 HEX7 Segment f HEX7 [6] PIN_N9 HEX7 Segment g Table-4 Altera DE2 Board 7-Segment Display Pin Assignments Signal Name FPGA Pin Description CLOCK_27 PIN_D13 27 MHz Clock CLOCK_50 PIN_N2 50 MHz Clock EXT_CLOCK PIN_P26 External Clock Input (SMA) Table-5 Altera DE2 Board Clock Pin Assignments

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According to the text, which of the following is an example of the negative consequences associated with rapidly changing emotions? Frequent emotional swings cause stress to both the person experiencing them and surrounding others. Frequent emotional swings limit the individual’s capacity to adapt to any one environment. Frequent emotional swings create social distance and sometimes result in chronic depression. Frequent emotional swings typically create many more negative emotional experiences than positive emotional experiences.

According to the text, which of the following is an example of the negative consequences associated with rapidly changing emotions? Frequent emotional swings cause stress to both the person experiencing them and surrounding others. Frequent emotional swings limit the individual’s capacity to adapt to any one environment. Frequent emotional swings create social distance and sometimes result in chronic depression. Frequent emotional swings typically create many more negative emotional experiences than positive emotional experiences.

According to the text, which of the following is an … Read More...
write one page assignment, two paragraph. write it with easy vocabulary and in easy way. the article contains some spanish, you need to translate it to understand the whole text. i want that paper after 2 hours because i have to study. if you write the paper well, i will deal with you because i have many assignment on the same topics.

write one page assignment, two paragraph. write it with easy vocabulary and in easy way. the article contains some spanish, you need to translate it to understand the whole text. i want that paper after 2 hours because i have to study. if you write the paper well, i will deal with you because i have many assignment on the same topics.

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Prompt for Essay 2: Argumentative on Drama Write a strongly persuasive essay on one of the following: 1. In Trifles, once the women have pieced together the clues and solved the mystery of Mr. Wright’s death, they quickly come to an agreement to suppress the information from the men who are investigating the murder. Construct an argument in which you identify whether the women were right to withhold their discovery from the investigators or not. 2. In August Wilson’s Fences, are Troy’s problems self-created or is he a victim of his past? Make a convincing argument on this issue. 3. Oedipus downfall in Oedipus the King: fate, freewill or influence of others Take Note as you write all the essays: If you craft your thesis well, it will contain a set of key words, phrases, and ideas which should then show up in key places/transitions throughout your paper. This stylistic and structural practice builds coherence and clarity in your essay. Sub-claims (Reasons) & Evidence (Textual Evidence): Your thesis/main claim statement must be supported by clearly organized evidence drawn primarily from the text of the story itself. Your argument, then, will be arranged with a main claim/thesis, sub-claims (reasons), and textual evidence. Take care to note that your textual evidence (quoted, paraphrased or summarized bits from the story) is not self-evident; it requires explanatory comment preceding it—to direct readers to what specifically in the evidence illustrates your sub-claim and main claim—and often following it for full elaboration and/or recapitulation. • Review the section in A Writer’s Reference on the MLA and Plagiarism • Use Writing Resources in the Course documents tab. MLA Style: Please follow MLA guidelines in formatting, mechanics and stylistics. Papers that do not follow MLA style will not be graded. I advise you look at the sample MLA papers in your textbooks You do not need any secondary source citations or research to support your analysis, but you must cite the source for the story being analyzed and A Writer’s Reference.

Prompt for Essay 2: Argumentative on Drama Write a strongly persuasive essay on one of the following: 1. In Trifles, once the women have pieced together the clues and solved the mystery of Mr. Wright’s death, they quickly come to an agreement to suppress the information from the men who are investigating the murder. Construct an argument in which you identify whether the women were right to withhold their discovery from the investigators or not. 2. In August Wilson’s Fences, are Troy’s problems self-created or is he a victim of his past? Make a convincing argument on this issue. 3. Oedipus downfall in Oedipus the King: fate, freewill or influence of others Take Note as you write all the essays: If you craft your thesis well, it will contain a set of key words, phrases, and ideas which should then show up in key places/transitions throughout your paper. This stylistic and structural practice builds coherence and clarity in your essay. Sub-claims (Reasons) & Evidence (Textual Evidence): Your thesis/main claim statement must be supported by clearly organized evidence drawn primarily from the text of the story itself. Your argument, then, will be arranged with a main claim/thesis, sub-claims (reasons), and textual evidence. Take care to note that your textual evidence (quoted, paraphrased or summarized bits from the story) is not self-evident; it requires explanatory comment preceding it—to direct readers to what specifically in the evidence illustrates your sub-claim and main claim—and often following it for full elaboration and/or recapitulation. • Review the section in A Writer’s Reference on the MLA and Plagiarism • Use Writing Resources in the Course documents tab. MLA Style: Please follow MLA guidelines in formatting, mechanics and stylistics. Papers that do not follow MLA style will not be graded. I advise you look at the sample MLA papers in your textbooks You do not need any secondary source citations or research to support your analysis, but you must cite the source for the story being analyzed and A Writer’s Reference.

Project 1: Particle Trajectory in Pleated Filters Due: 12:30 pm, Dec. 1, 2015, submission through blackboard Course: Numerical Methods Instructor: Dr. Hooman V. Tafreshi Most aerosol filters are made of pleated fibrous media. This is to accommodate as much filtration media as possible in a limited space available to an air filtration unit (e.g., the engine of a car). A variety of parameters contribute to the performance of a pleated filter. These parameters include, but are not limited to, geometry of the pleat (e.g., pleat height, width, and count), microscale properties of the fibrous media (e.g., fiber diameters, fiber orientation, and solid volume fraction), aerodynamic and thermal conditions of the flow (e.g., flow velocity, temperature, and operating pressure), and particle properties (e.g., diameter, density, and shape). Figure 1: Examples of pleated air filters [1‐2]. In this project you are asked to calculate the trajectory of aerosol particles as they travel inside a rectangular pleat channel. Due to the symmetry of the pleat geometry, you only need to simulate one half of the channel (see Figure 2). Figure 2: The simulation domain and boundary conditions (the figure’s aspect ratio is altered for illustration purposes). Trajectory of the aerosol particles can be calculated in a 2‐D domain by solving the Newton’s 2nd law written for the particles in the x‐ and y‐directions, v(h) inlet velocity fibrous media v(y) y tm l h x Ui u(l) u(x) 2 2 p 1 p 1 ( , ) d x dx u x y dt  dt    2 2 p 1 p 1 ( , ) d y dy v x y dt  dt    where 2 1/18 p p   d    is the particle relaxation time, 10 μm p d  is the particle diameter, 1000 kg/m3 p   is the particle density, and   1.85105 Pa.s is the air viscosity. Also, u(x, y) and v(x, y) represent the components of the air velocity in the x and y directions inside the pleat channel, respectively. The x and y positions of the particles are denoted by xp and yp, respectively. You may use the following expressions for u(x, y) and v(x, y) .     2 3 1 2 u x, y u x y h                  sin 2 v x,y v h π y h        where   i 1 u x U x l h          is the average air velocity inside the pleat channel in the x‐direction and Ui is the velocity at the pleat entrance (assume 1 m/s for this project). l = 0.0275 m and h =0.0011 m are the pleat length and height, respectively. Writing the conservation of mass for the air flowing into the channel, you can also obtain that   i v h U h l h         . These 2nd order ODEs can easily be solved using a 4th order Rung‐Kutta method. In order to obtain realistic particle trajectories, you also need to consider proper initial conditions for the velocity of the particles: x(t  0)  0 , ( 0) i p p y t   y , p ( 0) cos i i dx t U dt    , p ( 0) sin i i dy t U dt     . where i  is the angle with respect to the axial direction by which a particle enters the pleat channel (see Figure 3). The inlet angle can be obtained from the following equation: 2 75 0.78 +0.16 1.61St i i p p i y y e h h                    where   2 St 18 2 ρPdPUi μ h  is the particles Stokes number. Figure 3: An illustration of the required particle trajectory calculation inside a rectangular pleated filter. You are asked to calculate and plot the trajectories of particles released from the vertical positions of ?? ? ? 0.05?, ?? ? ? 0.25?, ?? ? ? 0.5?, ?? ? ? 0.75? , and ?? ? ? 0.95? in one single figure. To do so, you need to track the trajectories until they reach one of the channel walls (i.e., stop when xp  l or p y  h ). Use a time step of 0.00001 sec. For more information see Ref. [3]. For additional background information see Ref. [4] and references there. In submitting your project please stick to following guidelines: 1‐ In blackboard, submit all the Matlab files and report in one single zip file. For naming your zip file, adhere to the format as: Lastname_firstname_project1.zip For instance: Einstein_albert_project1.zip 2‐ The report should be in pdf format only with the name as Project1.pdf (NO word documents .docx or .doc will be graded). 3‐ Your zip file can contain as many Matlab files as you want to submit. Also please submit the main code which TA’s should run with the name as: Project1.m (You can name the function files as you desire). Summary of what you should submit: 1‐ Runge–Kutta 4th order implementation in MATLAB. 2‐ Plot 5 particle trajectories in one graph. 3‐ Report your output (the x‐y positions of the five particles at each time step) in the form of a table with 11 columns (one for time and two for the x and y of each particle). Make sure the units are second for time and meter for the x and y. 4‐ Write a short, but yet clean and professional report describing your work. Up to 25% of your grade will be based solely on the style and formatting of your report. Use proper heading for each section of your report. Be consistent in your font size. Use Times New Roman only. Make sure that figures have proper self‐explanatory captions and are cited in the body of the report. Make sure that your figures have legends as well as x and y labels with proper and consistent fonts. Don’t forget that any number presented in the report or on the figures has to have a proper unit. Equations and pages in your report should be numbered. Embed your figures in the text. Make sure they do not have unnecessary frames around them or are not plotted on a grey background (default setting of some software programs!). inlet angle Particle trajectory i p y i 0 p x  Important Note: It is possible to solve the above ODEs using built‐in solvers such as ode45 in MATLAB, and you are encouraged to consider that for validating your MATLAB program. However, the results that you submit for this project MUST be obtained from your own implementation of the 4th order Runge‐Kutta method. You will not receive full credit if your MATALB program does not work, even if your results are absolutely correct! References: 1. http://www.airexco.net/custom‐manufacturedbr12‐inch‐pleated‐filter‐c‐108_113_114/custommadebr12‐ inch‐pleated‐filter‐p‐786.html 2. http://www.ebay.com/itm/Air‐Compressor‐Air‐Filter‐Element‐CFE‐275‐Round‐Pleated‐Filter‐ /251081172328 3. A.M. Saleh and H.V. Tafreshi, A Simple Semi‐Analytical Model for Designing Pleated Air Filters under Loading, Separation and Purification Technology 137, 94 (2014) 4. A.M. Saleh, S. Fotovati, H.V. Tafreshi, and B. Pourdeyhimi, Modeling Service Life of Pleated Filters Exposed to Poly‐Dispersed Aerosols, Powder Technology 266, 79 (2014)

Project 1: Particle Trajectory in Pleated Filters Due: 12:30 pm, Dec. 1, 2015, submission through blackboard Course: Numerical Methods Instructor: Dr. Hooman V. Tafreshi Most aerosol filters are made of pleated fibrous media. This is to accommodate as much filtration media as possible in a limited space available to an air filtration unit (e.g., the engine of a car). A variety of parameters contribute to the performance of a pleated filter. These parameters include, but are not limited to, geometry of the pleat (e.g., pleat height, width, and count), microscale properties of the fibrous media (e.g., fiber diameters, fiber orientation, and solid volume fraction), aerodynamic and thermal conditions of the flow (e.g., flow velocity, temperature, and operating pressure), and particle properties (e.g., diameter, density, and shape). Figure 1: Examples of pleated air filters [1‐2]. In this project you are asked to calculate the trajectory of aerosol particles as they travel inside a rectangular pleat channel. Due to the symmetry of the pleat geometry, you only need to simulate one half of the channel (see Figure 2). Figure 2: The simulation domain and boundary conditions (the figure’s aspect ratio is altered for illustration purposes). Trajectory of the aerosol particles can be calculated in a 2‐D domain by solving the Newton’s 2nd law written for the particles in the x‐ and y‐directions, v(h) inlet velocity fibrous media v(y) y tm l h x Ui u(l) u(x) 2 2 p 1 p 1 ( , ) d x dx u x y dt  dt    2 2 p 1 p 1 ( , ) d y dy v x y dt  dt    where 2 1/18 p p   d    is the particle relaxation time, 10 μm p d  is the particle diameter, 1000 kg/m3 p   is the particle density, and   1.85105 Pa.s is the air viscosity. Also, u(x, y) and v(x, y) represent the components of the air velocity in the x and y directions inside the pleat channel, respectively. The x and y positions of the particles are denoted by xp and yp, respectively. You may use the following expressions for u(x, y) and v(x, y) .     2 3 1 2 u x, y u x y h                  sin 2 v x,y v h π y h        where   i 1 u x U x l h          is the average air velocity inside the pleat channel in the x‐direction and Ui is the velocity at the pleat entrance (assume 1 m/s for this project). l = 0.0275 m and h =0.0011 m are the pleat length and height, respectively. Writing the conservation of mass for the air flowing into the channel, you can also obtain that   i v h U h l h         . These 2nd order ODEs can easily be solved using a 4th order Rung‐Kutta method. In order to obtain realistic particle trajectories, you also need to consider proper initial conditions for the velocity of the particles: x(t  0)  0 , ( 0) i p p y t   y , p ( 0) cos i i dx t U dt    , p ( 0) sin i i dy t U dt     . where i  is the angle with respect to the axial direction by which a particle enters the pleat channel (see Figure 3). The inlet angle can be obtained from the following equation: 2 75 0.78 +0.16 1.61St i i p p i y y e h h                    where   2 St 18 2 ρPdPUi μ h  is the particles Stokes number. Figure 3: An illustration of the required particle trajectory calculation inside a rectangular pleated filter. You are asked to calculate and plot the trajectories of particles released from the vertical positions of ?? ? ? 0.05?, ?? ? ? 0.25?, ?? ? ? 0.5?, ?? ? ? 0.75? , and ?? ? ? 0.95? in one single figure. To do so, you need to track the trajectories until they reach one of the channel walls (i.e., stop when xp  l or p y  h ). Use a time step of 0.00001 sec. For more information see Ref. [3]. For additional background information see Ref. [4] and references there. In submitting your project please stick to following guidelines: 1‐ In blackboard, submit all the Matlab files and report in one single zip file. For naming your zip file, adhere to the format as: Lastname_firstname_project1.zip For instance: Einstein_albert_project1.zip 2‐ The report should be in pdf format only with the name as Project1.pdf (NO word documents .docx or .doc will be graded). 3‐ Your zip file can contain as many Matlab files as you want to submit. Also please submit the main code which TA’s should run with the name as: Project1.m (You can name the function files as you desire). Summary of what you should submit: 1‐ Runge–Kutta 4th order implementation in MATLAB. 2‐ Plot 5 particle trajectories in one graph. 3‐ Report your output (the x‐y positions of the five particles at each time step) in the form of a table with 11 columns (one for time and two for the x and y of each particle). Make sure the units are second for time and meter for the x and y. 4‐ Write a short, but yet clean and professional report describing your work. Up to 25% of your grade will be based solely on the style and formatting of your report. Use proper heading for each section of your report. Be consistent in your font size. Use Times New Roman only. Make sure that figures have proper self‐explanatory captions and are cited in the body of the report. Make sure that your figures have legends as well as x and y labels with proper and consistent fonts. Don’t forget that any number presented in the report or on the figures has to have a proper unit. Equations and pages in your report should be numbered. Embed your figures in the text. Make sure they do not have unnecessary frames around them or are not plotted on a grey background (default setting of some software programs!). inlet angle Particle trajectory i p y i 0 p x  Important Note: It is possible to solve the above ODEs using built‐in solvers such as ode45 in MATLAB, and you are encouraged to consider that for validating your MATLAB program. However, the results that you submit for this project MUST be obtained from your own implementation of the 4th order Runge‐Kutta method. You will not receive full credit if your MATALB program does not work, even if your results are absolutely correct! References: 1. http://www.airexco.net/custom‐manufacturedbr12‐inch‐pleated‐filter‐c‐108_113_114/custommadebr12‐ inch‐pleated‐filter‐p‐786.html 2. http://www.ebay.com/itm/Air‐Compressor‐Air‐Filter‐Element‐CFE‐275‐Round‐Pleated‐Filter‐ /251081172328 3. A.M. Saleh and H.V. Tafreshi, A Simple Semi‐Analytical Model for Designing Pleated Air Filters under Loading, Separation and Purification Technology 137, 94 (2014) 4. A.M. Saleh, S. Fotovati, H.V. Tafreshi, and B. Pourdeyhimi, Modeling Service Life of Pleated Filters Exposed to Poly‐Dispersed Aerosols, Powder Technology 266, 79 (2014)

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Questions: 1. Using our text or other reference, in Figure A: a. What is the melting points (in °C) for copper? 1085°C b. What is the melting points (in °C) for nickel? 1455°C c. At any temperature in the “L+SS” region, which phase (L or SS) has the highest composition of copper? The L-phase 2. The Aluminum-Silicon (Al-Si) phase diagram (Figure 9.13 in the text) is a fair approximation of the Eutectic Phase diagram shown in Figure B. a. What is the eutectic temperature for the Al-Si system? 577°C b. What is the eutectic composition for the Al-Si system? 12.6 wt % c. In general, below the eutectic temperature, what two solid phases exist? Pure silicon (β phase) and >95% pure aluminum (α phase). 3. Figure C shows a general Stress-Strain curve for a yielding material. a. What is slope 1? The elastic (or Young’s) modulus b. What is point 2? The yield strength c. What is point 3? The tensile strength d. What is point 4 compared to the strain value at failure? See notes on Figure C on following page. e. What is the physical significance of area 5? The area 5 is the “toughness”, the energy required for fracture

Questions: 1. Using our text or other reference, in Figure A: a. What is the melting points (in °C) for copper? 1085°C b. What is the melting points (in °C) for nickel? 1455°C c. At any temperature in the “L+SS” region, which phase (L or SS) has the highest composition of copper? The L-phase 2. The Aluminum-Silicon (Al-Si) phase diagram (Figure 9.13 in the text) is a fair approximation of the Eutectic Phase diagram shown in Figure B. a. What is the eutectic temperature for the Al-Si system? 577°C b. What is the eutectic composition for the Al-Si system? 12.6 wt % c. In general, below the eutectic temperature, what two solid phases exist? Pure silicon (β phase) and >95% pure aluminum (α phase). 3. Figure C shows a general Stress-Strain curve for a yielding material. a. What is slope 1? The elastic (or Young’s) modulus b. What is point 2? The yield strength c. What is point 3? The tensile strength d. What is point 4 compared to the strain value at failure? See notes on Figure C on following page. e. What is the physical significance of area 5? The area 5 is the “toughness”, the energy required for fracture

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• Question 7 According to the text, spreadsheet packages are used by virtually every business for _______________. Answers: analysis, planning, and modeling maintaining accounting records, such as a general ledger keeping up-to-the-minute inventory records tracking human resources

• Question 7 According to the text, spreadsheet packages are used by virtually every business for _______________. Answers: analysis, planning, and modeling maintaining accounting records, such as a general ledger keeping up-to-the-minute inventory records tracking human resources

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In this assignment you are required to develop a program that allows the creation, viewing and storage of information about ITECH7603 Students. In order t…REQUIRMENT?(QUESTION) Due Date: Midnight of Friday 19 Sep 2014, Weight: 30% (30 marks) Description: A written analysis (3410ICT 2000 words; 7101ICT 2500 words) of a complex ethical problem similar to …HI5018 BUSINESS LAW TRIMESTER 2, 2014 Assignment 2 – Case Studies Assessment Value: 20% Word Length 1500- 2000 words Due Date – Friday Week 10 by 5pm Instructions: 1. Must have to follow IRAC meth…Answers please? subject: current development in accounting theoriesHI5028 TAXATION T2, 2014 ASSIGNMENT 2 SOLUTIONS Due date: Friday Week 10 Instructions: This assignment is to be submitted by the due date in both soft- copy (Safeassign – Bb) and hard copy. The assi…Assignment 1: Requirements elicitation and specification: Overview You have been made responsible for developing the Requirements for a major software project. You have access to a client representati…BUACC 2614 – Management Accounting 2 Semester 2, 2014 Individual Major Assignment According to Martin and Steele (2010, p.13), “The two principal professional associations in Australia – CPA Australia…The Faculty of Business BULAW 3731 Income Taxation Law & Practice Assignment: Semester 2/2014 INSTRUCTIONS 1. See the Instructions and Assessment Criteria in the Course Description and make sure y…Semester 2, 2014 Weight: 30% Due: 5pm, Friday, Week 11 Sales Tracking and Customer Relations Analyses Aims To analyse a set of data (in Microsoft Excel), and write a brief report (in Microsoft Word), …Assessment item 2 — Individual case study Due date: 1:00pm AEST, Thursday, Week 11 All students are to submit electronically – max file size is 2Mb. ASSESSMENT Weighting: 35% Length: No set length 2 I…Due date: 24th-Sep-2014 • Question 1: 100- 200 words for each part; Questions 2, 3 & 5: 400 – 600 words each; Question 6: 1000 – 2000 words. APA reference style should be used in the assignment. …Due date- 23th September Task 1. Originally Linux/UNIX systems had one all-powerful user called root that managed systems. Discuss the risks of having a single root user and how more limited managemen…Kent Institute of Business and Technology Bachelor of Business Trimester 2 , 2014 Organisational Behaviour Group Assignment – Long Report Due: 7th. October 2014 The Scenario Joe Jonson has just been a…Dear Jimmy As per the chat, please refer the attached assignment for your reference. please get back to me. I need a draft answer covering all the requirements in the case study within 4-5 days. Thank…HI5018 BUSINESS LAW TRIMESTER 2, 2014 Assignment 2 – Case Studies Assessment Value: 20% Word Length 1500- 2000 words Due Date – Friday Week 10 by 5pm Instructions: Obtain a copy of a written contract …MLC 703: PRINCIPLES OF INCOME TAX LAW INSTRUCTIONS Please note that the following will not form part of the word count: ? References, including statute and cases; ? Diagrams; ? Tables; ? Calculations….01. Residence and Source Nick Stannos arrives in Australia from a European country on 26 January. He rents a small apartment and accepts two jobs. By 30 June he has saved $10,000 and decided to return…• / ? Assessment Item 3: Enron and whistleblowing Assessment Item 3: Enron and whistleblowers Part A (20 marks) Read Case 9: Enron: Questionable ACCOUNTING leads to collapse, starting on page 395 of y…Case Study Value: 30% Due date: 19-Sep-2014 Return date: 10-Oct-2014 Length: 2,000 words (not counting TOC, references) Submission method options Alternative submission method Task You are required to…COIT20235 Business Process Modelling Case Study Report Assessment Details Term 2, 2014 Due date: 1:00 pm AEST, Wednesday, Week 12 ASSESSMENT Weighting: 55% 3 Length: 5000 words ± 10% (excluding t…The assignment is your opportunity to integrate concepts from the course. Use problems from the text (chapter 8 problem 26 and 27, chapter 9 problem 33 and chapter 14 problems 20 and 21) to guide your…Case Study Value: 30% Due date: 19-Sep-2014 Return date: 10-Oct-2014 Length: 2,000 words (not counting TOC, references) Submission method options Alternative submission method Task You are required to…Assignment 2 Decision Support System (DSS) Description Marks out of Wtg(%) Due date ASSIGNMENT 2 100.00 20.00 19th October 2014 This assignment must be your own work. It is acceptable to discuss cours…20 marks per question using the marking guide at the end of the document for each question (unless otherwise stated in the question) Task 1 (Module 2) 1. Determine the following: a) What type of infor…Business Case Presentation Task Length 2500 words Listen to the audio file provided Please select one current, key IT/business topic from the list below and prepare a comprehensive management briefing…The Faculty of Business BULAW 3731 Income Taxation Law & Practice Assignment: Semester 2/2014 INSTRUCTIONS 1. See the Instructions and Assessment Criteria in the Course Description and make sure y…Assessment item 2—Case study Due date: 1:00pm AEST, Thursday, Week 11 ASSESSMENT Weighting: 30% Length: 2000-2500 words excluding references and appendices 2 Objectives This assessment item relates to…SIT103 Database Trimester 2 Assignment 2 2014 DoeLiver Due Date: Friday 19th September, 2014 ____________________________________________________________________ DoeLiver (Do Deliver) is a new courier…Hi there! I need your help for my bachelors of business assessment.. Is any body available for helping me ?answers please…what is the guaranteed marks we can get?Assignment 2 Value: 20% Due date: 24-Sep-2014 Return date: 15-Oct-2014 Length: 2000 words Submission method options Alternative submission method Task Question 1 (7.5 Marks) Case Scenario You are curr…answer please?HA2042 – Accounting Information Systems Assignment 2 Due: 5pm Friday, Week 11 You are to prepare a submission to satisfy your client’s requirements as outlined below. You are required to investigate t…Student Name: Student ID: Group: Date: Assessment Coding Assessment for this unit of competency is based on competency based grading. Assessments are weighted and your assessment will be marked with a…Assessment item 3 Case Study Value: 30% Due date: 19-Sep-2014 Return date: 10-Oct-2014 Length: 2,000 words (not counting TOC, references) Submission method options Alternative submission method Task Y…After a bitter disagreement with their External Auditor, Kelptos (a Charity providing work for the Victorian government) fired their External Auditor and is looking for a new External Audit firm. The …After a bitter disagreement with their External Auditor, Kelptos (a Charity providing work for the Victorian government) fired their External Auditor and is looking for a new External Audit firm. The …please kindly accept the following memo that i need the answer. Memo Question : After a bitter disagreement with their External Auditor, Kelptos (a Charity providing work for the Victorian government)…Task You are required to analyse the effectiveness of the Qantas Online Air Ticketing system. To do this you are required to employ at least two data gathering techniques, one of which must be observa…Purpose To enable you to apply problem solving skills, to research the nature of fiduciary relationships and to compare some duties owed by directors of companies with duties owed by partners in partn…NSTRUCTIONS 1. See the Instructions and Assessment Criteria in the Course Description and make sure you follow them! 2. Please answer all parts of the question 3. Attached to this document is a Checkl…1. Please see details in page 19 in the Unit Outline.pdf (The losses of flighs MH17 an MH370…) 2. Word limit: 2,000 words, plus references 3. Reference style: AMA 4.

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